^B{^#!16!2 October^N! Feast day of The Guardian Angels, St Leger or Leodegarius, and St Eleutherius of Nicomedia.
^B{1187^B} Saladin, the Muslim sultan, captured Jerusalem after its 88-year occupation by the Franks. ^B{1608^B} The first telescope was demonstrated by the Dutch lens maker, Hans Lipperschey. ^B{1836^B} Charles Darwin returned from his five-year survey of South American waters aboard the HMS ^I{Beagle^I}. ^B{1870^B} Rome became the capital of the newly unified Italy. ^B{1901^B} The British Royal Navy's first submarine, built by Vickers, was launched at Barrow. ^B{1909^B} The first rugby football match was played at Twickenham, between Harlequins and Richmond. ^B{1942^B} The British cruiser ^I{Curacao^I} sank with the loss of 338 lives, after colliding with the liner ^I{Queen Mary^I} off the coast of Donegal. ^B{1983^B} Neil Kinnock was elected leader of Britain's Labour Party. ^B{1993^B} CIS President Boris Yeltsin declared a State of Emergency in Moscow as pro-parliamentary rebels seized the White House.
^B{^I{^#!14!Born ^N}Mikhail Yurevich Lermontov, Russian poet, ^B{1814^B}; Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal and politician, ^B{1847^B}; William Ramsay, Scottish chemist, ^B{1852^B}; Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian leader, ^B{1869^B}; Graham Greene, English novelist, ^B{1904^B}; Sting, English rock singer, ^B{1951^B}.
^B{^I{^#!14!Died ^N}Samuel Adams, US statesman, ^B{1803^B}; Max Bruch, German composer, ^B{1920^B}; Marie Stopes, Scottish birth-control campaigner, ^B{1958^B}; Marcel Duchamp, French painter, ^B{1968^B}; Rock Hudson, US film actor, ^B{1985^B}; Peter Medawar, British immunologist, ^B{1987^B}.
